wolf hybrid laws texas

Possession of wolves and wolf Hybrids is prohibited in the state; they are defined as "Wild Animals." "Wild animal" means any animal which is not wildlife and is not normally a domestic species in this state. The recent attack on a five-year-old boy by a wolf dog in Eaton, Indiana has highlighted the need to enforce wolf hybrid laws in the state. Copyright 2008-2022 All rights reserved Design by Dana Paige Designs, http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/txstatutes/HS/10/822/E, http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/txstatutes/HS/10/822/E/822.101, http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/txstatutes/HS/10/822/E/822.107, http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/txstatutes/HS/10/822/E/822.111, http://law.onecle.com/texas/health/822.103.00.html, http://www.bellcountytx.com/county_government/sheriff/docs/DOC.PDF, http://www.hcphes.org/vph/Pdfs/DangerousWildAnimalRegulations.pdf, http://www.mctx.org/document_center/Animal%20Control/Wild_Animals.pdf, http://www.theanimalcouncil.com/files/El_Paso_TX_12_05.pdf, http://www.cedarparktexas.gov/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=1000. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/9/1.1, https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/downloads/bluebook-ac-awa.pdf, https://www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf/biology/nwf-hybrids.html. In legislature section 27-5-5, they create a handful of stipulations for owning a wolf-hybrid which would be impossible for a new owner to follow, making them essentially illegal. S.D. When a wolf reaches sexual maturity (anywhere from 1 to 4 years of age), their role in the pack often changes from that of a pup to an adult expected to contribute to the pack. There are genetic tests available. Finding a vet who will provide your wolfdog with all the proper vaccinations (including rabies) as well as a legal rabies certificate is extremely important. Nan Pipestem Wildlife Rehabilitation Center. This large animal is a controversial pet that may make a great companion for one person but be troublesome-or even dangerous-for another. If you're committed to owning a species that's part wolf, puppies must be second generation or higher. (J) a Serval; Many an unsuspecting wolf lover has purchased a wolf pup, only to find that it is largely untrainable (since it does not care much about pleasing its owner), and that as it grows into adulthood it becomes unpredictable, if not downright dangerous, especially around children and small animals. But they grow (in size) at a rapid rate. Wolf dog and hybrid puppies need specific socialization and training needs. Wolves mature between one and four years of age, and over that time, they learn pack dynamics, how to contribute, and how to achieve higher ranking. Wake County does not allow these kinds of animals, Raleigh has no rule banning them, and Cary allows ownership of a wolf-hybrid as long as the government is notified. In Section 5-9-9, titled Keeping of Feral Animals, they define wild animal hybrids to include wolf dogs and state it is unlawful for any person to sell, offer for sale, purchase, barter, keep, own, harbor, or transport any wild animal or hybrid within the city. A wolf hybrid or wolfdog is the offspring of a wolf and a dog, a wolf and a wolfdog, or two wolfdogs. Every year, thousands of pet wolves or hybrids are abandoned, rescued or euthanized because people purchase an animal they were not prepared to care for. Wild Spirit Wolf Sanctuary does not promote nor condone the practice of owning wolf-dogs as pets. (C) an ocelot; While some states, like Utah, adhere to this regulatory precedent, other states do not. Tastes like chickenoh wait, it is chicken! Offspring from all subsequent generations of such crosses or hybrids are wild animals. Despite this definition, Georgia is not one of the states that has banned the ownership of wolf-dogs despite their classifying them as wild animals.. Wolfdogs also tend to stress very easily, especially in new places with strange people and smaller, confined areas. Wolfdogs tend to be very large animals with a heightened prey drive. 4 0 obj Blanco In the legislature, specifically Code 20-19-403 through to section 407, is dedicated to the mentioned regulations. Lastly, be aware of the issue with rabies vaccines. WolfLink Virtual Learning for adults & groups, How Wolves Use Their Sense of Hearing to Engage the World, Learn about what wildlife research was like before the days of GPS collars, Returning grazing land to nature helps more than wolves, Apparent competition: What is it? . Additionally, any animal that is less than 10% wolf is not even considered a wolf, and it is not regulated by Nebraskan Game Laws. In a situation similar to the one in Alaska, unless you have a wolfdog that was grandfathered in before the 90s, possession of wolfdogs is illegal in the state of Georgia. Privacy Policy Hybrid Wolf-Dog Laws Pet Insurance and Dog Breeds Household Pet Amount Restrictions Dangerous Animals and Animal Abuse Animal Hoarding Laws Dog Bites Dangerous Dog Laws Animal Abuse and Cruelty Laws Legal Duties of Local Animal Control Officers vs. Police Impound Laws Business Laws Opening a Dog Breeding Operation, Kennel, or Grooming Shop HYBRID LAWS - arizona. The most common dog breeds typically include breeds in the pit bull family, plus other large breeds like Dobermans, rottweilers and wolf hybrids. In the wild, they use packs to compete for food and land against other pack animals like coyotes. You dont know what you will get. These laws are in place to protect the animals, the people living in close proximity to wolf-dogs, and to likely dissuade the average citizen from ownership of these special needs animals. Many breeders who deal in wolf hybrids promote the wolf content of the pups and even set their prices according to the amount of wolf blood in the litter. Call & come visit us anytime! certificate of registration for that animal issued by an animal Wild Spirit Wolf Sanctuary is a 501(c)(3) Non-Profit corporation licensed and regulated by the USDA, as well as a Class C exhibitor. Once in Texas, if a USDA-approved vaccine was not used or the veterinarian who administered it was not licensed to practice veterinary medicine in the US, compliance must be achieved. Any INDIVIDUAL animal might inherit all of the dog genes from the hybrid and be 50 x 50 both physically and behaviorally. Those tests look at 3-4 genetic markers, depending on whether it is a male or female. QUESTION: What is the average lifespan of a wolfdog? It is illegal to keep them in Connecticut, Hawaii, Idaho, Maryland and several other states. But even with later generations, there will be some kind of combination of their wild and domestic instincts. That being said, below youll find information on wolf dogs, opinions each side holds, and detailed legal information regarding each states position. Click or mouseover the circle on each state, which will give you the law on hybrids for that state. However, all vaccines are extra-label for wolf-dog hybrids. Wolf Park explains that while many individuals do make an effort to become educated about the potential outcome of owning a wolf or hybrid, others unfortunately do not. A few people are successful in keeping hybrids, but most people for a variety of reasons are not prepared to understand or provide for the physical or psychological needs of the animal. This expectation translates onto the owner when a wolf is kept in captivity. The animal must be vaccinated by or under the direct supervision of a veterinarian with rabies vaccine licensed by . Louisiana bans the possession of red wolves, grey wolves, and wolfdog hybrids in Louisianas Administrative Code Title 76, Part V, Chapter 1, Section 115. Harris: http://www.hcphes.org/vph/Pdfs/DangerousWildAnimalRegulations.pdf Only wolf hybrids that were 1) possessed before 2002 and 2) were nationally registered, spayed, and microchipped. Due to the size of most wolfdogs and their tendency towards resource guarding, placing an animal in an experienced home or one without kids is usually the best option for all parties involved, especially if that animal has never previously been raised around or exposed to younger children. Before you get a wolf-dog, you need to check with your state and local laws. Bell: http://www.bellcountytx.com/county_government/sheriff/docs/DOC.PDF If you are interested in possessing and caring for a wolfdog, there are many considerations. All it takes is ONE incident to cause a ban. This does not mean that you can have a greyhound as a pet today. Website design by Keystone Resources. Plus, vet care costs money, especially if your wolfdog has a serious health issue. An example of the opposite is a mule, born from a female horse and a male donkey, which cannot reproduce. First, they need a lot of space, and in saying that, we do not mean there needs to be a good dog park nearby, but rather that they need constant access to a lot of land. An example is Georgia, which describes a wild animal as any animal which is not wildlife and is not normally a domestic species in this state. See also Is Mufasa The White Lion Already Dead? Wolfdogs can be very expensive animals in the long run. Saarloos are considered to be a domestic dog. (1) "Biometric identifier" means data generated by automatic measurements of an individual's biological characteristics, such as a fingerprint, voiceprint, eye retinas, irises, or other unique biological patterns or characteristics . Even though they are extremely similar in look, physiology, and behavior, the differences are stark. Julie Froats, from a German shepherd rescue . It took many thousands of years for humans to selectively breed canines for the traits that make modern-day dogs such delightful companions: congeniality, flexibility, and eagerness to please. (b) The order does not apply inside the limits of a municipality. If you live in one of these states, you need to take a look at your county regulations to see if it is allowed. It is a class B misdemeanor to sell a living armadillo in Texas (with exceptions). Wolf ownership is not legal everywhere. This term specifically includes any hybrid or cross between any combination of a wild animal, wildlife, and a domestic animal. Daily forms of enrichment and interaction are vital to the progression of their socialization and overall health. It is simply impossible to instill these traits in a wild animal overnight. W.D. An example of the latter is Arkansas. Wolfdogs are highly intelligent animals who require a lot of stimulation and enrichment to keep them mentally and emotionally sound. Texas Wolfdog Project generally advises that wolfdogs should not be in homes with children under 12. Hybrids can be escape artists and need special containment structures because they can jump eight-foot-tall fences, dig holes under fences, and open cage doors. The months of April and May have been filled with non-stop activity for the Wild Spirit Team, with each day bringing We're sorry to say that we won't be open to the public before August, 2021, at the earliest. Properly caring for a wolfdog is not just limited to one consideration. Wolf-dogs retain these same instincts, which can often lead to problems in a . All other county laws related to hybrids are unknown at this time. DEFINITIONS. Generally speaking, animals with more dog-like traits overall will more easily adapt to indoor living, possibly even living inside full time without any incidents. That is the case unless there are special permissions given by the director of the department. It is well known that they need to have plenty of space. 828-357-7125 Price range: $1500 Available for stud More info Breeder's name: undefined undefined Litter due mid Feb 2023 Tarrant (B) a tiger; Wolf Hybrid Pups $500 Dogs & Puppies Wolf Hybrid Bella $500 (Negotiable) Dogs & Puppies Wolf Hybrid Louie Merlot - Wolf Hybrid $150 Dogs & Puppies Wolf Hybrid ABSOLUTELY GORGEOUS WOLF HYBRID PUPS READY TO GO! If you are in any doubt, contact your local authority to find out whether a breed will require a licence. FACT:Due to the shy nature of wolves, hybrids usually make poor protection dogs. However, under the Endangered Species Act, any animal over 97.99% wolf to dog is considered to be a wolf and therefore protected as such. . We hope that our readers can learn along with us as we continue to pursue our mission and vision. This also includes mixed breed dogs, like a German shepherd mix, for example. No provisions for hybrid cats. the person. The result is to label hybrid as low, medium or high content wolf depending on the degree to which the animal looks and behaves like a wolf. Gallup, NM: Rudelhaus Enterprise, 1989. Travis certificate of registration in order to recover the costs Aggressive tendencies, if any, in the hybrid may be fear induced and as such, can be unpredictable and hard to control. Health and Safety Code Section 822.103 Except as provided in subsection 2, a person may not keep a wolf hybrid in the State unless that person holds a valid permit to possess wildlife in captivity issued by the Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife under Title 12, section 12152 . There are legal issues to consider, as well as knowing that some vets are not willing to provide care, and that the rabies vaccine in not approved for use in these animals. Parker (contact: Tracey Curry,Parker County Animal Control Officer: tcurry@weatherfordtx.gov An animal that has inherited and expresses more wolf-like traits tends to require an owner experienced with these behaviors as well as proper containment and enrichment outside. A wolfdog puppy requires much more. So if you cannot take your animal with you, what will you do? In the state of Washington, it is legal to own a wolf hybrid. Each county that allows or bans them is listed below. Wolf hybrid ownership is restricted in Alabama, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Dakota and Virginia. According to WolfPaws.Org, Missouri allows the possession wolf dogs hybrids, but there are regulations on permitting and caging. It is illegal to own a pure wolf in the United States; They are classified as an endangered species and regulated. (R) an orangutan; Answer (1 of 5): Here's Where You Can Legally Own a Wolf Texas appears to require a permit for an exotic animal, but they are "legal", so long as you have the correct paperwork. This photo is of a low wolf content hybrid at the W.O.L.F. They also regulate the containment of dangerous dogs. More information can be found in Title 3, Chapter 72, Section 1, and Chapter 82, section 5 of the Delaware Code. We thought we'd share some of our favorite photos that we've Hi there, any idea on your part, what might happen when bringing a european breed named Saarloos Wolfdog to the US. ANSWER: Though all of our animals are fed a balanced raw diet, if that cannot be properly maintained by any potential adopters or owners, Texas Wolfdog Project recommends a high quality, grain free kibble for normal, everyday feeding. 2023 Nan Pipestem Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, Where to watch the wolf of wall street free. Being critical in evaluation about behavior, and how adapted a canid is to living in a home with human companions considering safety of the humans, community and ability to live in harmony is most important, and the reality is that animals that are more wolf like in their behavior are unlikely to do well living in our homes. Hybrid Law - Cats - Wolf Dogs - Servals; Legalize in NYC; Contact Us; Laws for Owning Savannah Cats and Other Hybrid Animals. It is the opinion of WolfPaws.Org that wolfdog hybrids do not make good pets. Can you own a pure wolf in Texas? 5 males 1 female $500 Columbia, South Carolina Wolfdog Puppies. Though pitbulls are rather unpredictable and can be aggressive toward humans and other animals, they are ultimately no match for their wild cousins the wolves. Wild canids are built to travel great distances in search of food. Popular reasons for ownership include as guard dogs, trophy animals, and the commonly (and debatably purposeful) misinformed notion that wolf-dogs will be a more loyal pet than a domestic dog. Given this fact, the growing trade in captive wolves and hybrids is tragic and unnecessary.. (a) No person may possess, transport, receive, or release a live wolf in this state. So, it makes sense that some people would question the safety of bringing a hybrid into their home. For thousands of years, wolves and humans have vied for the top spot of apex predatorto become the species to sit at the peak of an ecosystems food chain. 20-19-402. Vaccination Requirement. If you live in one of these states, you need to take a look at your county regulations to see if it is allowed. Guadalupe: Requires USDA: Doug Pyatt, animalcontrol@co.guadalupe.tx.us, 830-379-1224 They are not easily trainable like most dog breeds and do not care to please humans like domestic dogs. Others dont see the test as reliable yet, that what the information shows is that the DNA found simply does not match any known domestic dog DNA on file. Despite the often misguided hatred towards wolves, exacerbated by misinformation and a lack of understanding the species, wolf-dogs as pets have been increasingly popular all over the world. I leave you with a great quote from U.S. While Wolf hybrids can make for interesting and unique pets, they can be difficult to take care of if owners are not properly informed on how to do so. Unless your wolf has been grandfathered in, it is prohibited in Alaska. Wolfdog hybrids are not considered a breed, as we know it, due to the infrequency of their births. When comparing the definitions, it leaves a lot up for debate with variations in how a governing body may interpret how to classify and regulate the wolf-dog. (b) A certificate of registration issued under thissubchapter is not transferrable and is valid for one We hope that in the future, because of our academic pursuits, we will no longer have to rescue and provide sanctuary to wild animals that prove to be time and time again ill-suited to a normal human home. We are dedicated to rescuing displaced, unwanted, and un-releasable captive-bred wolves, wolf-dogs, and other wild canid species. Ward. One organization educating the public about the issues of wolf and hybrid ownership is Wolf Park. Copyright 2023 Texas Wolfdog Project.All rights reserved. Maryland outright bans possession of wolf dogs with an article under criminal law that states A person may not import into the State, offer for sale, trade, barter, possess, breed, or exchange a live: (v) member of the dog family other than the domestic dog; (vi) hybrid of a member of the dog family and a domestic dog and the state uses other pieces of the legislature to double down on this idea. Although not required by law, it is recommended that livestock (especially those that have frequent contact with humans), domestic ferrets, and wolf-dog hybrids . Exactly which breeds of dog are on the restricted list varies by company and state. Wolves and wolf hybrids are not legal in all states to keep as pets. Iowa goes on to attach quite a few stipulations to possession. This law essentially makes wolf dogs illegal because of the lack of a rabies vaccine for crosses between Canis Lupus and Canis Lupus Familiaris. each animal registered and may not exceed $500 for each person Hidalgo http://www.co.hidalgo.tx.us/documentcenter/view/16119 (item 6B) QUESTION: Vacations? endobj In these situations, the animals frequently spend their days in small cages or tied to chains, with very poor quality of life. Wolf hybrids eat more than just conventional dry food, so they also eat a mix of meat products including raw ground meat, chicken, etc. The states that have taken this approach include North Carolina, Ohio, Minnesota, Louisiana, Idaho, Utah, Texas, and Oregon. <>>> Wolf was reintroduced into their bloodline long enough back that the influence of that reintroduction is relatively moot. Adorable male and female Wolf Hybrids puppies available for new homes $500 Conroe, Texas Wolfdog Puppies. While the state of New York does not use verbiage that exactly bans the possession of wolfdog hybrids, it does create enough of an umbrella over the concept to make it potentially illegal. (T) any hybrid of an animal listed in this subdivision. Ultimately, if you cannot find someone to care for your animals on property where they are comfortable, the word vacation may become lost from your vocabulary. (a) Aperson may not own, harbor, or have custody or control of a You also need to have plenty of food available. Virginia Criminal Law. Lee 1. Wolfdog hybrids can be anywhere within that spectrum because you are rolling the genetic dice, especially in first-generation hybrids. This is due to the fact that the state does not consider them to be dangerous animals. We offer wolfdogs for sale at Frazier Farms Exotics. Basically, unless humans bring it about, dogs are not naturally mating with wolves to create this new kind. As used in this subchapter, wolf-dog hybrid means any animal which is publicly acknowledged by its owner as being the offspring of a wolf and domestic dog. According to WolfPaws.Org, residents of Nebraska are permitted to own wolfdog hybrids. Whether or not hybrids make good pets is perhaps the biggest contention. As long as you get an entry permit and a possession permit, depending on your situation, it is perfectly legal to own a wolfdog hybrid in South Dakota. In essence, the selective breeding process has put a different set of pressures on dogs, shaping them so that they are more dependent on humans for their survival and make them flexible to our way of living. After analyzing the data, they found that four dogs were closest to wolves in regards to their DNA. Montgomery: http://www.mctx.org/document_center/Animal%20Control/Wild_Animals.pdf Thanks to the researchers hard work, we are able to understand the wolfs reactions to different situations based on their inherent instincts. Certain recognized breeds of show or pet cats, which are known to be or reputed to be of hybrid origin, are considered to be domestic and may be lawfully possessed. Either way, wolfdog ownership is a serious commitment for the duration of their life. The state of Vermont, similar to Texas, gives the counties and cities legal footing to make their own rules, so its very important to look into your city and county legislature to check the legality. Ch. Kansas legislature makes it clear that ownership of wolfdog hybrids is allowed through a special permitting process through the Department of Wildlife & Parks. %PDF-1.5 COUNTY LAWS: (Q) a chimpanzee; In our case the law for dogs who look like Keanu and Luna does not allow a person to possess, sell, import or export a wolf hybrid. Virginia law regulates the ownership of such hybrid dogs. (2) prevents escape by the animal; and Disclaimer: Please check all local, city, county, township, homeowners ordinances in your area first before acquiring any hybrid or exotic animals. http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/txstatutes/HS/10/822/E/822.107, Health and Safety Code Section 822.111:POWERS AND DUTIES OF BOARD; CAGING REQUIREMENTS AND STANDARDS, (a) The board by rule shall establish caging requirements and standards for the keeping and confinement of a dangerous wild animal to ensure that the animal is kept in a manner and confined in a primary enclosure that: Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. However, under the Endangered Species Act, any animal over 97.99% wolf to dog is considered to be a wolf and therefore protected as such. MYTH:Hybrids are healthier than dogs, and are less prone to disease. On the other hand, dogs take less than one year to hit sexual maturity, and while they might challenge their owner, it tends to be much less intense. QUESTION: What is a wolfdog and where do wolfdogs come from? In the epoch since this convergence, humans and wolves have grown apart. If you cant take your wolfdog, what would you do? This photo is of a mid wolf content hybrid at the W.O.L.F. QUESTION: Are wolfdogs good with small animals/small dogs? Therefore, many will consider smaller animals such as cats and small dogs to be a prey item, especially when the animal has never been raised around or exposed to these much smaller creatures. It is quite common for states to define wolf-dogs as wild animals, dangerous dogs, or dangerous animals, which they do in Connecticut, stating For the purposes of this section, the following wildlife, or any hybrid thereof ([The canidae, including, but not limited to, the wolf, and coyote]), shall be considered a potentially dangerous animal[. Some wolfdogs, usually high contents, can be intolerant to certain grains or processed foods. (E) a leopard; In Pennsylvania, the only possession of wolfdogs that is considered illegal is that done outside the jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture. What states is it legal to own a wolf dog hybrid? While a hybrid that has a lot of wolf traits may be a challenge for even the most experienced dog owner. Education about the behavior, health and containment of wolves and hybrids and about laws pertinent to their ownership before people buy may prevent hardships for both human and animal. Kaufman They are headstrong and aggressive, and they can be downright ferocious. Wolves are wild animals, and they are shaped by evolutionary pressures that allow them to find food, keep themselves safe, and produce offspring. Higher contents typically need a large (50 x 50 foot minimum) and very secure outdoor enclosure as most do not do well in the house, regardless of age or how they were raised. Animal registration agency is defined as the municipal or county animal control office with authority over the area where a dangerous wild animal is kept or a county sheriff in an area that does not have an animal control office. Id. Avoiding the use of the words wolf, hybrid, wolfdog or wolf mix on any paperwork could save your animals life. Socialization. June 6, 2018. Most foundation animals have been captive bred and raised for over 40 years, with lineages dating back to the fur farms of the 60s and 70s. State Statutes (Laws) Alabama allows you to possess any native animal that isn't prohibited. They have puppy energy and misbehaving tendencies they don't grow out until they are about 3 or 4 years old. In Texas, animal or plant species of conservation concern may be listed as threatened or endangered under the authority of state law and/or under the U.S. California: Illegal to own a first-generation hybrid unless you have proof you had the hybrid before 1988. Rabies vaccinations in hybrids are also complicated, because there has been no vaccine developed and approved for use in wolves or wolfdogs. If we lean on the definition of what a wild animal is instead of a hybrid, we can safely argue that a wolf-dog could be considered a wild animal. Instead, the state government has decided to leave it up to the county to decide whether someone should be allowed to own this type of pet. Even though the state of Indiana allows residents to own certain wild species and hybrids, there are a good deal of regulations in place. Owners are encouraged to provide the rabies vaccine their animals regardless, but some vets do not treat hybrids for liability reasons, particularly where it is illegal to own them, and those vets that will treat them often require owners to sign a waiver that states they understand the vaccine is being administered for off label use and cannot be relied upon to deliver full protection against rabies. Typically, to be considered a wolfdog, an animal will have a minimum of 20% wolf heritage, and can have up to the legal maximum of 98% wolf heritage. According to Cole, Wolf hybrids are legal in West Virginia, but the Cities of Bluefield and Princeton have both enacted bans on them. (c) An animal registration agency may approve a deviation from the caging requirements and standards established by the board, only if: Some wolf dogs are a mix of 50% wolf and 50% dog, while others can be more than 90% dog and less than 10% wolf. No provisions for hybrid cats or wolves are made. Wolves are NOT pulled from the wild for stock. Wolf pup! In Kentuckys Revised Statutes, Chapter 65, Section .887, gives local governments the authority to create rules on any of the animals considered inherently dangerous wildlife and includes wolf dogs and hybrids. In fact, dog bite statistics show that wolf-dogs hold the sixth position in dog bite fatalities by breed. This is a very serious issue. QUESTION: Do wolfdogs make good pets and can wolfdogs be house trained? Wolfdog ownership is illegal or regulated in many areas, with even more states and counties hopping on the ban wagon due to the massive increase of animals being bred and sold to irresponsible owners, which in turn has led to several incidents across the country involving wolfdogs of various contents. MYTH:A wolf hybrid will make a better guard dog. Thankfully, after discussing my observations and how I went about phenotyping the animal, the dog was spared. Definition. 131 S. 77A ). It may no longer be relevant. (O) a jackal; wolf hybrids Archives - Laws In Texas HOME LIT NEWS ARTICLES CFPB Debt Collector Deed of Trust Fake Documents Foreclosures Federal Law Justice Seekers Jurisdiction Lawyers Misconduct Mortgage Servicers Texas COURTS Texas Courts Texas Supreme Court Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit Texas Federal Courts E.D.

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